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Marie Paul Auguste Charles Fabry (; 11 June 1867 – 11 December 1945) was a French physicist working on optics. Together with Alfred Pérot he invented the Fabry–Pérot interferometer. He is also one of the co-discoverers of the ozone layer.
Auguste’s son, also named Charles, married Marie Estrangin, from a prominent Marseille family close to the playwright Edmond Rostand. Together, they had five children: Auguste, Eugène Fabry, Louis Fabry, Charles, and Pierre, several of whom had distinguished careers. Eugène, born in 1856, was a polytechnician and Doctor of Mathematical Sciences, a tobacco engineer, an associate professor at the lycées of Tarbes, Carcassonne, and Tours, a lecturer at the Faculties of Sciences in Rennes and Nancy, a professor in Montpellier and Marseille, and an examiner at the École Polytechnique. Louis, born in 1862, also a polytechnician with degrees in mathematics and physics, was an astronomer at the Paris Observatory (1884–1887), in Nice (1887–1890), and then in Marseille until his retirement in 1924. Auguste, born in 1855, earned a doctorate in law and became a lawyer in Marseille before joining the judiciary. He served as deputy public prosecutor and examining magistrate in Tunis, vice-president, prosecutor, president, and attorney general in Caen, finally becoming first president and then counselor at the French Court of Cassation.
In 1894, he was appointed maître de conférences at the Faculté des Sciences de l'Université de Marseille for the P.C.N. certificate. He joined the laboratory of Jules Macé de Lepinay and succeeded Alfred Perot in 1904 as professor of industrial physics. Pierre Sève would later replace him when he moved to Paris.
, 1910]]In collaboration with Henri Buisson, his successor as maître de conférences, and Alfred Perot, he helped develop the Fabry–Perot interferometer, which he notably used in 1913 to demonstrate the existence of the ozone layer, previously only hypothesized, and to measure its distribution in the atmosphere. Jean Cabannes worked in his laboratory while preparing his doctoral thesis. Fabry also experimentally confirmed the Doppler effect in optics.
Shortly after the United States entered the war, Fabry was chosen to lead the French Scientific Mission to the United States, tasked with exchanging information, intelligence, and technical and scientific advances critical to the war effort. The first group of mission members left Bordeaux on 19 May 1917, and included Charles Fabry, Armand de Gramont, Henri Abraham and a young telegraph operator named Paternot, the secretary Dupouey, as well as Sir Ernest Rutherford and Commander Cyprian Bridge, sent by the British Army. In the U.S., they were welcomed by members of the National Research Council, including George Ellery Hale and Robert Millikan. Later, Victor Grignard and Giorgio Abetti joined the mission. Together, they explored numerous issues with their American counterparts, including submarine defense. On 13 July 1917, some members visited Thomas Edison’s laboratory in West Orange, New Jersey.
Fabry returned to France on 12 August and wrote his report before resuming work at his Marseille laboratory.
In early 1919, Fabry accepted to become the first Director General of the Institut d'optique théorique et appliquée, a project initiated in 1916 by Armand de Gramont and supported by Paul Painlevé.
He officially took up the position in 1921, when he left Marseille and returned to Paris as chair of physics at the Faculty of Science, University of Paris, succeeding Edmond Bouty. He also became director of the physics teaching laboratory, working with Eugène Darmois, Louis Décombe, and later François Bedeau.
In 1937, he co-founded the Société de Recherches et Études en Optique et Sciences Connexes (REOSC, now part of the Safran Group) with Henri Chrétien, Georges Guadet, and André Bayle. Consequently, he left his positions at the Faculté des Sciences de Paris and the École Polytechnique, where he was succeeded by Louis Leprince-Ringuet.
He served as honorary president of the French Photographic Society (1935–1937), succeeding Georges Perrier, and as president of the French Physical Society in 1924. From 1931 to 1933, he was also president of the French Astronomical Society. In 1931, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Society.
Upon reaching retirement age, a scientific jubilee was organized in his honor on 3 December 1937 at the Sorbonne.
Following the takeover of the French Physical Society and its main scientific journal, Journal de Physique et le Radium, by scientists aligned with the Vichy regime—resulting in the arrest of publication director Paul Langevin and the replacement of editorial committee president Jean Langevin for refusing to remove articles by "non-Aryan" authors—Fabry decided to launch, with Georges Guadet, the new publication Cahiers de Physique. (2000). 9782738108128, Odile Jacob. ISBN 9782738108128 The journal, whose first issue appeared in June 1941, welcomed contributions from physicists in both the southern (unoccupied) and northern (occupied) zones of France. Fabry was the president of the editorial committee, whose members included Henri Abraham, Albert Arnulf, Henri Buisson, Henri Chrétien, Jean Bossler, Georges Déjardin, Jean Dufay, Max Morand, Louis Leprince-Ringuet, Louis Lumière, among others.
The Cahiers de Physique also published obituaries of physicists who had died during the war, including Fernand Holweck and Jacques Solomon.
On 16 January 1943, he delivered the inaugural address for the creation of the Mediterranean Section of the Société française de physique at the Faculty of Sciences of Marseille. He co-founded the section with Henri Abraham and Louis Lumière. Several meetings of this section took place in Marseille and Montpellier during the war.
After the Liberation, Fabry returned permanently to Paris and resumed his duties as General Director of the Institut d’Optique. He died on 11 December 1945 after a long illness. His final text, a detailed obituary of his friend Henri Abraham, who died in deportation at Auschwitz in late 1943, appeared in the Cahiers de Physique in June 1947.
Asteroid 410619 Fabry is named after him.
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